| Certification: | ISO, FDA, Hahal, Food Manufacturing License, Business Licens |
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| Assay Method: | HPLC, UV |
| Application Form: | Tablet, Capsule |
| Application: | Food, Health Care Products, Medicine |
| State: | Powder |
| Extract Source: | Sarcandra Glabra |
| Samples: |
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| Customization: |
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Audited Supplier | Product Name | Sarcandra Glabra Extract |
| Botanical Name | Sarcandra glabra |
| Part Used | Whole Herb |
| Appearance | Brownish Yellow powder |
| Specification | 4:1 10:1 Straight Powder 0.1% 0.3% 0.4% Isofraxidin |
| Storage Period | 24 Months |
| Package | 1kg/bag 25kg/drum |
| Storage Conditions | Store in cool and dry places. Keep away from strong light and heat. |
| Description S. glabra derives from the dried whole plant of Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai (synonym: Chloranthus glaber (Thunb.) Makino), which belongs to the genus Sarcandra of the Chloranthaceae family. It is a perennial evergreen subshrub with a height of approximately 50-120 cm. Its stem is erect, usually branched, and the nodes of the stem and branches are obviously swollen, which also have obvious longitudinal grooves and ridges between the nodes. Its leaves are opposite, leathery or papery, and glabrous on both surfaces. The shape of leaves is ovate or oval, about 6-17 cm long and 2-6 cm in wide. Its leaves are similar to tea leaves, the apex is acuminate, the base is wedge-shaped, the edges are serrated, and the marginal teeth are hard bone. Its petiole is approximately 1 cm in length. The stipule is small, like a sheath. There are small yellow-green flowers on the top of the branches, with a fragrant smell, no perianth, and cluster into spikes. S. glabra is monoecious, in which the stamens are clubbed to cylindrical, while the pistil is globose. Its fruit looks like pearl, which turns into shiny red at maturity, about 3-4 mm in diam. The florescence ranges from June to July, and the fruit period is from August to October. Health Benefits Antibacterial Studies had shown that S. glabra possessed a broad spectrum of antibacterial effects, which had inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus and its drug resistant bacteria, Pseudomonas eruginosa, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Dysentery bacilli, Typhoid and Paratyphoid bacilli, especially on S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, it showed strong antibacterial activity. In vitro experiment demonstrated that S. glabra showed antibacterial effects through inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans along with the activity of its glucosyltransferase. Besides, the aqueous extract of S. glabra could significantly promote the exosmosis of glucose and aspartate amino transferase in Helicobacter pylori and its drug-resistant bacteria at the concentration of 95 μg/ml, indicating that its antibacterial mechanism may be related to the damage of the outer membrane barrier. Some phenolic acids, coumarins and flavonoids isolated from the antibacterial fraction of S. glabra also showed good antibacterial activity. Fumaric acid and succinic acid had been proved to have excellent antibacterial effects on S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Isofraxidin (187) and 4,4′-bisofraxidin (195) showed good antibacterial effects on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus transglucosans respectively, and their corresponding MIC values were 0.078 mg/ml and 0.125 mg/ml. Also, Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (110) exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on S. aureus, and its diameter of bacteriostasis circle was 14.67 ± 0.08 mm. However, the current pharmacological studies mainly concentrate on in vitro models, and lack of discussion on the bioactive components and mechanism of antibacterial effect. Therefore, it is necessary to further evaluate the antibacterial effect and specific mechanism of S. glabra on in vivo models. Antiviral S. glabra extract (250 mg/kg) could reduce the incidence rate and mortality of restraint stress mice caused by H1N1 influenza virus via reducing the pathological changes and the amount of virus in lung tissue, as well as regulating susceptibility genes and inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory factors. However, the dose used in this study was too high, and it could be considered to be reduced in future studies. What's more, the ethanol extract of S. glabra could reduce pulmonary edema, inhibit viral replication in lung tissue and alleviate oxidative stress level in mice infected with H1N1 virus, and its mechanism may be related to activating nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway to regulate superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and NO to reduce oxidative stress injury (Huo et al., 2020). In recent years, it has been found that some components from S. glabra exhibit antiviral effects. Rosmarinic acid-4-O-β-D-glucoside (150) could reduce the mortality of mice with pneumonia caused by A/FM/1/47 H1N1 virus at the concentration of 20 and 50 mg/kg. Eleutheroside B1 (193) could inhibit the influenza virus ribonucleoprotein and the expression of RN mRNA. These results indicated that S. glabra has the potential to be developed as new drugs for the treatment of viral infectious diseases. Thus, in-depth research on active components and mechanism of antiviral activity should be taken into consideration. Anti-Inflammatory S. glabra showed significant anti-inflammatory activity, which had a certain degree of inhibitory effect on various inflammation models. In vitro, Xie et al. confirmed that polysaccharide and ethyl acetate extracts from S. glabra could inhibit RAW264.7 cell proliferation and NO expression (Xie et al., 2010). Besides, studies have proved that sesquiterpenes, phenolic compounds and coumarins from S. glabra may be the bioactive components of its anti-inflammatory effect. Wei et al. isolated ten sesquiterpenes from the anti-inflammatory fraction of S. glabra and found that all of them could inhibit NO production in RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS. Among them, shizukaol D (67: 5, 10, 15, and 20 μM) showed the most significant anti-inflammatory effect with IC50 values of 8.13 ± 0.37 μM, and its mechanism may be related to activating protein kinase B (AKT) to regulate Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus down-regulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, inhibiting phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression along with nuclear translocation and regulating the activity of oxidation indexes. Furthermore, isofraxidin (187: 1, 5, and 15 mg/kg) had also been proven to improve the survival rate of mice induced by LPS via inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as NF-κB, NO, interleukin-6 (IL-6) along with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and reducing the damage of inflammatory factors to organs. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of TNF-α expression by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, S. glabra may play its anti-inflammatory effect mainly by regulating the expression of inflammatory factors such as NF-κB, NO, IL-6, TNF-α and the signal pathways related to inflammation, but how to regulate them is not completely clear and needs to be further explored. Anti-Tumor S. glabra had been reported to inhibit the growth of gastric cancer, leukemia, liver cancer, lung cancer and other malignant tumors, which played an anti-tumor role by regulating cell cycle and inducing cell apoptosis. Zhongjiefeng injection, a Chinese patent medicine made from S. glabra, was reported to have a strong cytotoxicity on human lung cancer A-549, colon cancer HCT-29 and gastric cancer BGC-823, with IC50 values less than 50 μg/ml. Zhongjiefeng tablets, made from S. glabra, could induce p21 expression by up-regulating TGF-β pathway, and arrested A549 and H1299 cells in G0/G1 phase, thus inducing cell apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. The total flavonoids extract from S. glabra (25, 50 and 100 μg/ml) also showed significant inhibitory effect on leukemic K562 cells, which could promote cell apoptosis by decreasing the expression of Bcl-2 and caspase-3, and increasing expression of Cleaved caspase-3. The polysaccharide from S. glabra (SGP-2) could inhibit human osteosarcoma cells U2OS proliferation and promote U2OS cells apoptosis at the concentration of 31.25, 62.5, and 125 nM, through down-regulating extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK)/eIF4F/Bcl-XL signaling pathway to promote the release of cytochromes C and activate caspase protein. Moreover, in S-180 cell-derived tumor mice model, it was further confirmed that SGP-2 (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) could inhibit the growth of transplanted tumor and activate endogenous apoptosis pathway through down regulating ERK-eIF4F pathway. Immune Regulation Jiang et al. reported that S. glabra could enhance the clearance index of macrophages in mice, but it had no obvious effect on specific humoral immunity, indicating that S. glabra mainly acted on the non-specific immunity of the body. Meanwhile, S. glabra polysaccharide extract played an immune role through promoting the expression of membrane protein-related immune molecules and regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, S. glabra also ameliorated immunodepression caused by stress. In restraint stress model mice, it was found that S. glabra extract (125 mg/kg) not only increased the number of lymphocytes, natural killer cells and natural killer T cells, normalized the ratio of T lymphocyte subsets, but also significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation level in spleen cells and increased the activity of oxygen free radicals, which partly through improving the ability of antioxidant to enhance immunity. Antioxidant S. glabra extract exhibited strong free radical scavenging ability. Aqueous extract of S. glabra could scavenge hydroxy free radical in a concentration-dependent manner, at the concentration of 1.2 mg/ml, the scavenging rate on hydroxy free radical reached 89.89%. Aqueous extract of S. glabra also had a significant scavenging effect on DPPH radical, with half scavenging concentration of 13.49 mg/l . S. glabra polysaccharide had obvious scavenging effect on hydroxy, superoxide anion, DPPH, and ABTS radicals (Jin et al., 2012). The active components of S. glabra also had the ability of scavenging free radicals. It was found that phenolic acids isolated from antioxidant active sites, such as rosmarinic acid (149), chlorogenic acid (157), and cryptochlorogenic acid (159), as well as flavonoids, such as quercetin-3-O-α-D-glucuronide (114) and neoastibin (120), showed antioxidant activity with strong ability of DPPH radical scavenging. In addition, ethanol extract, astilbin (119) and rosmarinic acid (149) from S. glabra had been reported to exhibit significant antioxidant activities, which could directly or indirectly scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) to protect mesenchymal stem cells from oxidative stress at the concentration of 10-100 μg/ml and hydroxy free radical mediated DNA damage at the concentration of 20-110 μg/ml. More importantly, the antioxidant capacity of ethanol extract from S. glabra may be related to the presence of total phenolics, especially astilbin and rosmarinic acid. These studies implied that S. glabra had the potential to treat a variety of diseases associated with oxidative stress. But, the current studies on antioxidant activity mainly focus on in vitro models, and a variety of in vivo models should be established to further evaluate its antioxidant activities, and to explore the relevant targets and pathways. Anti-Thrombocytopenic Nowadays, S. glabra is commonly used to treat hemorrhagic diseases caused by thrombocytopenia, and its extract has been made into a Chinese patent medicine in China that are used to increase the platelets. Experimental studies had shown that S. glabra extract and its single drug preparation--Xuekang oral liquid could increase the number of peripheral blood platelets in mice with immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and the experimental results also showed that the total flavonoids from S. glabra (TFSG) was better than positive control (prednison) in increasing the platelets. Besides, in bone marrow stromal cells-megakaryocyte co-culture system, TFSG (1.95, 3.9, and 7.8 μg/ml) promoted the differentiation and maturation of megakaryocytes in the co-culture system, which may be related to decreasing the rate of stromal cell apoptosis, regulating the content of cytokines that promote megakaryocyte differentiation including TPO, stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1), TGF-β1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), thereby affecting the state of stromal cells and secretion function. And the experimental results also suggested that this may be one of the mechanisms of S. glabra in the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia. At present, most chemotherapeutic drugs can cause bone marrow suppression and lead to thrombocytopenia, S. glabra can significantly resist these side effects. Studies had shown that S. glabra significantly improved thrombocytopenia induced by 5-FU. Based on this, Lu et al. established thrombocytopenia mice to explore the mechanism of TFSG on improving thrombocytopenia induced by chemotherapy. The results demonstrated that TFSG (31.5, 63, and 94.5 mg/kg) could promote the secretion of TPO from stromal cells in the bone marrow microenvironment and the corresponding receptor C-mpl expression in megakaryocytes, then promote megakaryocyte to release mature platelets by regulating the TPO-C-mpl pathway. In addition, TFSG (31.5, 63, and 94.5 mg/kg) could also promote the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of megakaryocytes by promoting SDF-1 in bone marrow and the corresponding receptor CXCR-4 expression in megakaryocytes, thereby accelerating megakaryocyte to produce platelets. These experimental results indicate that TFSG can promote megakaryocyte proliferation through multiple pathways and multiple targets, thereby increasing the number of platelets, but how does the TFSG promote the secretion of TPO or SDF-1 from stromal cells in the bone marrow microenvironment and regulate their corresponding receptors in megakaryocytes are still unclear, and further studies are needed to clarify. Hepatoprotective S. glabra had significant protective effects on various liver injury models. In rat with liver injury induced by dimethylnitrosamine, S. glabra could significantly improve the pathological changes of liver tissue, and it not only normalized the serum protein index, but also enhanced the level of antioxidant index. In mice with liver injury caused by P. acnes-LPS, the plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity increased, however, S. glabra extract could significantly reduce this trend, and the inhibition rate of high dose of the extract was up to 78.5%. Meanwhile, 70% ethanol extract of S. glabra and seven sesquiterpenes from the extract showed significant hepatoprotective activity in hepatic epithelial stem cells from WB-F344 rats induced by D-galactosamine, among them, chloranoside A (7) and sarcaglaboside A-C (25-27) showed stronger liver protection activity than the positive drug dicyclool. Besides, S. glabra also had a good inhibitory effect on liver fibrosis. It was found that S. glabra extract reduced the serum liver function indexes (ALT and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)), liver fibrosis indexes (hyaluronic acid (HA), procollagen type III (PC-III), procollagen type IV (C-IV) and laminin (LN)) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in rats with hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4, as well as increasing the level of albumin (ALB). In particular, it could reduce the content of TIMP-1 to the normal level, and the related research indicated that the decrease of TIMP-1 expression contributed to the degradation of liver fibrosis, so its mechanism may be related to decreasing the expression of TIMP-1. Hypolipidemic and Hypoglycemic In vitro and in vivo experiments, the polysaccharide from S. glabra showed excellent hypoglycemic effect. In vitro, the inhibitory effect of S. glabra polysaccharide (SEPR1) on α-glucosidase (IC50 = 49.01 μg/ml) was significantly stronger than that of acarbose (IC50 = 148.3 μg/ml). While in diabetic mice induced by HFD/STZ, SEPR1 (100 and 200 mg/kg) showed hypoglycemic effect by reducing fasting blood glucose levels and relieving the insuli resistance, which was better than that of positive control Acarbose (10 mg/kg) and Metformin (200 mg/kg). And the experimental results also indicated that SERP1 could increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and decrease MDA level. In addition, total flavonoids from S. glabra reduced the levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) in serum of mice with hyperlipidemia, and the hypolipidemic effect of the high-dose total flavonoids was similar to that of positive control. Others S. glabra also exhibited other pharmacological effects. Aqueous extract, ethanol extract, and essential oil from S. glabra could shorten the healing time of experimental fracture in rabbits, among which aqueous extract had the most significant effect in promoting fracture healing. This pharmacological study was consistent with the traditional use of S. glabra in the treatment of fractures, but the specific mechanism and effective components were still unclear. In addition, S. glabra had a protective effect on sport-injured skeletal muscle cells. In exercise-induced injury rats, it could be observed that the levels of SOD, catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the skeletal muscle and tissues of the rats decreased, the levels of MDA, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased, meanwhile, related inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-1β levels increased. After the intervention of S. glabra polysaccharide, these indexes were significantly improved, suggesting that S. glabra polysaccharide could promote the repair and remodeling process of skeletal muscle structure after injury. |
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